Federal Court Cites Confusion Of Ray Jay's Many Raymond Jameses

May 5, 2021

There's Raymond James Financial Services, Inc. There's Raymond James & Associates, Inc. You even got the Raymond James Stadium. That's a lot of Raymond Jameses -- that's a lot of Ray Jay. Sometimes having a number of subsidiaries and affiliates share a name in a big organization is a good thing. It's called branding. On the other hand, sometimes re-using a brand can cause confusion. Finally, a federal appellate court tries to explain that what's temporary (as in a restraining order) may prove to be a somewhat unappealing bit of permanence.

2007: A Game of Finders Keepers

We begin this tortured tale with Frank Chatburn, who was an owner/investment advisor with Biscayne Capital, which covers both Biscayne Capital International, LLC (a U.S. registered investment advisor) and Biscayne Capital (BVI), Ltd, a British Virgin Islands-based broker-dealer. Raymond James & Associates, Inc. ("RJA") was Biscayne Capital's clearing firm. In 2007, Chatburn met with Edith Hinojosa in Ecuador -- Hinojosa was a "finder" for Bear Stearns, and, for whatever reasons, Chatburn asked her to join him at Raymond James. at page 2 of Raymond James Financial Services, Inc., Plaintiff, v. Ada Serena Cordova Armijos, et al., Defendants (Opinion, United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida, 19-CIV-81692 / April 27, 2020) (the "SDFL Opinion"). 
http://brokeandbroker.com/PDF/RayJamesOpSDFL200427.pdf. 

Putting Raymond James Into Play

Several months later, Hinojosa met with Chatburn and his partners in Florida, where the latter group presented their real estate projects and the attendant fund-raising vehicles to be used -- all of which seemed to boil down to the use of a fund called Sentinel that would be sold by Biscayne Capital through Raymond James:

[I]nterested by the proposition, Hinojosa flew to Raymond James' Tampa office in December 2007 where she met with a Raymond James executive at the behest of Biscayne Capital. See Hinojosa Decl. ¶ 11; Declaration of Robb Combs [ECF No. 94-2] at Exhibit B ("I really feel that what [sic] a visit to the Raymond James HQ will tip her over to come work with us on a fully committed basis. She is really enthusiastic about RJ, but we are still trying to 'reel her in,' so any help you could provide, will be greatly appreciated."). 

Hinojosa was given a tour of Raymond James' offices, where she saw a sign that read "Biscayne Capital" on the wall. See Hinojosa Decl. ¶ 13; Hinojosa Dep. 116:11-119:1. On the tour, she was told that Raymond James was committed to the long-term success of Biscayne Capital and that she could work with Biscayne Capital within the Raymond James platform. See Hinojosa Decl. ¶ 13. Specifically, her job would be to identify potential investors in Latin America for the financial products sold through Raymond James. Id. at ¶ 14. As an added incentive, Raymond James would provide Hinojosa's clients with accounts. Id

At pages 3 - 4 of the SDFL Opinion

2008: Transferring Hinojosa's Clients from Bear Stearns

Hinojosa joined Biscayne Capital based upon Chatburn's perceived affiliation with Raymond James, and in early 2008, Chatburn's partners traveled to Ecuador in order to open Raymond James accounts for Hinojosa's clients, whose assets would be transferred from Bear Stearns in furtherance of that transaction. Notwithstanding some disputed  aspects of the parties' dealings and background, the SDFL Opinion asserts that this much is "undisputed":

[F]irst, Chatburn was a registered broker with RJFS from March 2008 through August 2008. See Declaration of Melissa A. Kelly [ECF No. 28-2] at Exhibit A. Moreover, the RJFS Independent Associate Agreement with Chatburn, signed February 28, 2008 ("Chatburn Agreement"), defines Chatburn's title as "Branch Manager or Representative in Charge" of the RJFS Miami office. See Chatburn Agreement [ECF No. 63]. This aligns with Defendants' understanding that Chatburn was Raymond James' Branch Manager between 2008 and 2012. See Hinojosa Decl. ¶ 23; Hinojosa Dep. 156:14-163:1; Good Decl. ¶ 21. Chatburn went as far as to distribute business cards stating as much inside Raymond James-branded folders. See Declaration of Edwin Alberto Torres Mino [ECF No. 92-1] ¶¶ 6, 8; Hinojosa Decl. at Exhibit E; Hinojosa Dep. 98:3-8. 

Between 2008 and 2015, Chatburn visited Ecuador "progressively" to meet with Defendants. Hinojosa Decl. ¶ 24; Hinojosa Dep. 167:12-168:17. During these trips, Chatburn succeeded in selling Defendants more products, always touting the imprimatur of Raymond James. Hinojosa Decl. at ¶ 24; Hinojosa Dep. at 145:3-156:13; 159:24-162:17. In fact one of the Defendants, Douglas Ray Good, confirmed that Chatburn solicited various Raymond James products to him, both individually and in his capacity as a member of the Andes Petroleum savings plan committee. Good Decl. ¶ 12. Chatburn advised Good that he could order trades for him and place the trades directly through Good's RJA account. Chatburn even went so far as to provide Good with a proprietary Raymond James Equity Research report. Id. at ¶ 29. Again, all the record evidence indicates that Chatburn always referred to "Raymond James" in the global sense and never distinguished between the Raymond James entities. Id. at ¶¶ 7, 10-16, 23-29. 

Although Chatburn continued to hold himself out as a Raymond James advisor for years, the truth is that he was terminated on August 15, 2008. See Form U5, Expert Report of Thomas Franko [ECF No. 97-1] at Exhibit 3. Importantly, neither Chatburn or anyone from Raymond James (or RJFS or RJA) ever notified Defendants that Chatburn, who was still holding himself out to be a Raymond James advisor, had left RJFS. Id. at ¶ 31; Hinojosa Dep. 159:24-162:17. Indeed, on numerous occasions in 2008 and 2009-after Chatburn was no longer a registered broker with RJFS-Chatburn continued to hold himself out to Good and the Andes Petroleum savings plan committee as being associated with "Raymond James." Good Decl. ¶¶ 12-16, 23-29. Trusting in Chatburn, Good and his wife continued to invest through their RJA accounts. Id. at ¶¶ 17, 20, 30, 32. Unfortunately for Defendants, Chatburn and Biscayne Capital ran into legal trouble around 2016. See SEC Order [ECF No. 31-4]; Chatburn's Factual Proffer in Support of Guilty Plea [ECF No. 31-3]. 

At pages 4 - 6 of the SDFL Opinion

Bill Singer's Comment: No, it's not you, and it's not me: Chatburn's dates of affiliation with Raymond James and his various and assorted references to his various and assorted affiliations (real and imagined) are so complicated as to be virtually incomprehensible. Going by the SDFL Opinion, it seems that "Chatburn was a registered broker with RJFS from March 2008 through August 2008." Wow, that's like, what, a whole five months!  On the other hand, the Opinion also alleges that  there was an "understanding" by some that Chatburn was "Raymond James' Branch Manager between 2008 and 2012." So that August 2008 termination of registration is either a fact, a mistake, or something like a moving target. Making things even murkier, the Opinion alleges that as late as 2015, Chatburn was "touting the imprimatur of Raymond James." Ah yes, the old imprimatur toutin' gambit! 

The SDFL Opinion asserts that although "Chatburn continued to hold himself out as a Raymond James advisor for years, the truth is that he was terminated on August 15, 2008."  Unfortunately, the Opinion admonishes that "neither Chatburn or anyone from Raymond James (or RJFS or RJA) ever notified Defendants that Chatburn, who was still holding himself out to be a Raymond James advisor, had left RJFS." Making matters worse, the Opinion alleges that "after Chatburn was no longer a registered broker with RJFS -- Chatburn continued to hold himself out to Good and the Andes Petroleum savings plan committee as being associated with "Raymond James." "

To be clear, Chatburn was registered with RJFS for five months ending August 2008. After that date, his perceived RJFS affiliation was just that -- perceived.

2016: SEC Order Instituting Proceedings/Settlement

And now for a diversion and a twist of the space-time continuum. We travel back in time to 2016, and find that in anticipation of the institution of proceedings by the SEC, without admitting or denying the findings, Respondents submitted an Offer of Settlement (the "Offers") which the federal regulator accepted.  In The Matter Of Biscayne Capital International, LLC, Roberto G. Cortes, Ernesto H. Weisson, Juan Carlos Cortes, and Frank R. Chatburn, Respondents (Order Instituting Administrative And Cease-And-Desist Proceedings, Making Findings, And Imposing Remedial Sanctions and a Cease-And-Desist Order  / Invest. Adv.  Act Of 1940 Rel, No. 4399; Invest. Co. Act Of 1940 Rel. No. 32130; Admin. Proc, File No. 3-17263 / May 27, 2016) https://www.sec.gov/litigation/admin/2016/ia-4399.pdf Once we are perched on the SEC's 2016 calendar, we then look back to 2010 and come upon some past dealings of the previously referenced Frank Chatburn. As set forth under the "Summary" portion of the SEC Order [Ed: footnotes omitted]:

1. These proceedings arise out of the failure of Biscayne Capital International, LLC ("BCI"), formerly a U.S. registered investment adviser, to disclose facts giving rise to multiple conflicts of interest and other material information under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (the "Advisers Act") in connection with the recommendation and sale of securities issued by private offshore investment companies under common beneficial ownership with BCI (hereinafter "Proprietary Products") to non-U.S. clients between August 2010 and March 2012 (the "Relevant Period"). Three BCI principals - Roberto G. Cortes ("Roberto Cortes"), Ernesto H. Weisson ("Weisson") and Juan C. Cortes ("Juan Cortes") (collectively "the Primary BCI Principals" ) - formed entities that issued the Proprietary Products primarily for the purpose of financing South Bay Holdings, LLC ("South Bay"), a Florida-based residential real estate developer, which itself was beneficially owned by Roberto Cortes and Weisson. In turn, South Bay was the majority beneficial owner of BCI during the Relevant Period. 

2. BCI failed to disclose, among other things, the Primary BCI Principals' beneficial ownership interest and role in the creation of the Proprietary Products issuers. Further, BCI failed to disclose additional material information under the Advisers Act concerning South Bay's financial condition, including that, both preceding and during the Relevant Period, South Bay failed to generate enough revenue or operating cash flow to meet maturing debt, or sustain operations absent obtaining the additional financing generated by the sale of Proprietary Products, and was required to renegotiate several past-due financial obligations. By doing so, BCI willfully violated Sections 206(1) and 206(2) of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. 

3. Roberto Cortes, Weisson, and Juan Cortes created BCI and several affiliated non-U.S. financial services entities, all operating under the Biscayne Capital name, and marketed the Proprietary Products through their financial advisors, five of whom, including Frank Chatburn, they knew were employed by both BCI and the affiliated non-U.S. financial services entities. 

4. Roberto Cortes, Weisson and Juan Cortes each willfully aided and abetted and caused BCI's violations of Section 206(2) of the Advisers Act by failing to prohibit the sales of the Proprietary Products through the U.S.-based BCI or, in the alternative, by failing to train BCI investment adviser representatives to make adequate disclosures under the Advisers Act concerning the conflicts of interest and South Bay's financial condition, when recommending Proprietary Products to BCI clients.  

5. Frank Chatburn ("Chatburn"), who was both an investment adviser representative for BCI as well as an investment adviser for the non-U.S. financial services entities, willfully aided and abetted and caused BCI's violations of Section 206(1) and 206(2) of the Advisers Act by recommending and selling approximately $3.49 million in Proprietary Products to 29 non-U.S. BCI clients without making adequate disclosures under the Advisers Act. He failed to conduct a "fundamental analysis" of the Proprietary Products in contravention of representations in BCI's Form ADV; and failed to conduct an investigation or inquiry into, inter alia, the ownership or operation of Proprietary Product issuers or into South Bay's financial condition notwithstanding red flags concerning these entities. Chatburn also failed to disclose that he had a personal conflict of interest when recommending the Proprietary Products to BCI clients based on his beneficial ownership interest in BCI and the non-U.S. Biscayne Capital financial services entities as well as undisclosed compensation he received in connection with his recommendation and sale of the Proprietary Products to BCI clients. 

6. Additionally, BCI willfully failed, and Juan Cortes willfully aided and abetted and caused BCI's failure, to design and implement policies and procedures reasonably designed to prevent violations of the Advisers Act. BCI also willfully made, and Roberto Cortes and Juan Cortes willfully aided and abetted and caused BCI to make, material misrepresentations in Form ADV. Additionally, during the Relevant Period, BCI, Roberto Cortes, and Juan Cortes each failed reasonably to supervise Chatburn. 

The SEC Order identifies Chatburn as follows:

11. Frank R. Chatburn ("Chatburn"), age 37, a dual United States and Ecuadorian citizen residing in Miami, Florida, was a beneficial owner of BCI as well as an investment adviser representative of BCI during the Relevant Period. He also is a beneficial owner and financial adviser for the affiliated non-U.S. financial services entities. Chatburn is Roberto Cortes' cousin. 

As to Chatburn, the SEC Order imposed the following sanctions:

C. Respondent Frank R. Chatburn cease and desist from committing or causing any violations and any future violations of Sections 206(1) and 206(2) of the Advisers Act. 

D. Respondent Frank R. Chatburn be, and hereby is: 

barred from association with any broker, dealer, investment adviser, municipal securities dealer, municipal advisor, transfer agent, or nationally recognized statistical rating organization; and 

prohibited from serving or acting as an employee, officer, director, member of an advisory board, investment adviser or depositor of, or principal underwriter for, a registered investment company or affiliated person of such investment adviser, depositor, or principal underwriter, 

with the right to apply for reentry after four (4) years to the appropriate self-regulatory organization, or if there is none, to the Commission. 

. . .

K. Any reapplication for association by Respondents Frank R. Chatburn, Roberto G. Cortes, Juan Carlos Cortes, and Ernesto H. Weisson will be subject to the applicable laws and regulations governing the reentry process, and reentry may be conditioned upon a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the satisfaction of any or all of the following: (a) any disgorgement ordered against the Respondent, whether or not the Commission has fully or partially waived payment of such disgorgement; (b) any arbitration award related to the conduct that served as the basis for the Commission order; (c) any self-regulatory organization arbitration award to a customer, whether or not related to the conduct that served as the basis for the Commission order; and (d) any restitution order by a self-regulatory organization, whether or not related to the conduct that served as the basis for the Commission order. 

. . .

M. Respondent Frank R. Chatburn shall, within ten (10) days of the entry of this Order, pay disgorgement of $78,924 and prejudgment interest of $8,052 to the Securities and Exchange Commission for transfer to the general fund of the United States Treasury, subject to Exchange Act Section 21F(g)(3). If timely payment is not made, additional interest shall accrue pursuant to SEC Rule of Practice 600.

. . .

O. Respondent Frank R. Chatburn shall, within ten (10) days of the entry of this Order, pay a civil money penalty in the amount of $100,000 to the Securities and Exchange Commission for transfer to the general fund of the United States Treasury, subject to Exchange Act Section 21F(g)(3). If timely payment is not made, additional interest shall accrue pursuant to 31 U.S.C. § 3717. 


2018: FINRA Arbitration

Getting back into our trusty time machine, we leave the SEC's 2016 Order and its history dating back to 2010, and we set the next stop for "2018." On August 17, 2018, Claimants Ada Serene Cordova Armijos and others filed a Financial Industry Regulatory Authority Arbitration Statement of Claim against Respondents Raymond James & Associates, Inc. ("RJA") and Insight Securities, Inc. Claimants alleged that the were victims of a fraud orchestrated by the developers of financially-distressed real estate projects in Florida. On September 16, 2019, Claimants asked the three person FINRA Arbitration Panel to allow them to add Raymond James Financial Services ("RJFS") as a Respondent. Therein is the source of much consternation:

Much of the confusion in this case seems to center around what it means to be "Raymond James." RJFS maintains that it and RJA are wholly separate entities under the same parent company, Raymond James Financial, Inc. See, e.g., Deposition of Melissa Kelly [ECF No. 77-1] 128:23-129:2. RJFS' corporate representative testified that RJA and RJFS share a campus, share resources when possible, and ultimately report to the same General Counsel for compliance matters. See id. at 137:13-140:24. RJA and RJFS also share a database of client records and information that allows employees of either entity to search the parent company's records. Id. at 48:1-50:24. As part of Chatburn's Agreement, RJFS makes clear that it contracts on behalf of itself and RJA, and Chatburn was authorized to sell RJA products, a process known as "selling away." See, e.g., Chatburn Agreement at § 1(e), § 4. Given the interrelatedness of these similarly-named entities, one can understand how referring to any of them as "Raymond James," as Chatburn constantly did, could cause confusion.

At pages 6 of the SDFL Opinion

Bill Singer's Comment: I sort of chuckled when I read that "Much of the confusion in this case seems to center around what it means to be "Raymond James." Ya just don't see that phrase all that much! Making things a tad more comical is this: "Given the interrelatedness of these similarly-named entities, one can understand how referring to any of them as "Raymond James," as Chatburn constantly did, could cause confusion."


SDFL Ponders: What's a "Proper" Party?

Alas, Raymond James is embroiled in a FINRA customer arbitration, in which Raymond James is the Respondent. The Claimants named RJA, but after things progressed, they asked to add RJFS. That presented the FINRA arbitrators with a perplexing problem. That problem would soon wind up before SDFL.

Having noted that old Ray Jay's various monikers causes confusion, the question becomes whether RJFS and RJA are two different entities, and, if so, is there still a way to bind them into one actor for purposes of securing FINRA Arbitration jurisdiction: 

[A]lthough Defendants do not have an arbitration agreement with RJFS, the Arbitrators found that RJFS was a proper party to the Arbitration under the FINRA Code of Arbitration Procedure ("FINRA Code"). Id. at ¶ 154. In the Arbitration, Defendants allege that both RJA and RJFS are liable for "aiding and abetting in the fraud perpetuated by the Biscayne Individuals [(which includes Chatburn and others)], and the entities they controlled, gross negligence, negligence, breach of fiduciary duty, and for failure to supervise its agents." Defendants' Supplement [ECF No. 92] at 10. 

At pages 6 - 7 of the SDFL Opinion

2019: RJFS Seeks to Shut Down FINRA Arbitration

On December 19, 2019, RJFS filed a Complaint in SDFL seeking a declaration that Claimants claims are not arbitrable against the firm per FINRA Rule 12200 because said parties do not properly fall under the definition of "customers" set forth in the rule. SDFL entered a Temporary Restraining Order ("TRO") against Claimants that restrained the progress of the FINRA Arbitration pending an evidentiary hearing before the Court. 

SIDE BAR: The FINRA Rulebook

FINRA Rule 0160: Definitions

(a) The terms used in the Rules, if defined in the FINRA By-Laws, shall have the meaning as defined in the FINRA By-Laws, unless a term is defined differently in a Rule, or unless the context of the term within a Rule requires a different meaning.

(b) When used in the Rules, unless the context otherwise requires:
. . .

(4) "Customer" 
The term "customer" shall not include a broker or dealer.

FINRA Rule 12200: Arbitration Under an Arbitration Agreement or the Rules of FINRA

Parties must arbitrate a dispute under the Code if:
Arbitration under the Code is either:
(1) Required by a written agreement, or
(2) Requested by the customer;
The dispute is between a customer and a member or associated person of a member; and
The dispute arises in connection with the business activities of the member or the associated person, except disputes involving the insurance business activities of a member that is also an insurance company.

Defining Customer (citing Viyella)

To carry the day, under Rule 12200,  RJFS needed to show that the FINRA Claimants were not "customers" of RJFS; or that Chatburn was not an "associated person". Unfortunately for RJFS, SDFL pulls out the legal dictionary and scrutinizes FINRA's rulebook:

As discussed at the Hearing, the FINRA Code does not define "customer," except to state that a "customer shall not include a broker or dealer." Sagepoint Fin., Inc. v. Small, No. 15-CV0571 DLI RML, 2015 WL 2354330, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. May 15, 2015) (citing FINRA, RULE 12100(k)). "[T]he Rule provides no further guidance as to the definition of a customer[.]" Viyella, 2020 WL 977481, at *5. This exceedingly broad definition was slightly clarified by the Second Circuit in Citigroup Global Markets, Inc. v. Abbar, 761 F.3d 268, 275 (2d Cir. 2014). There, the Second Circuit held that a "customer" for purposes of Rule 12200 is one who, while not a broker or dealer, either "(1) purchases a good or service from a FINRA member, or (2) has an account with a FINRA member." Id. 

Here, the undisputed facts easily satisfy even the Second Circuit's definition of "customer." Chatburn solicited Defendants to sign custodial agreements with RJA while he was a registered financial advisor for RJFS. See Hinojosa Decl. ¶¶ 22-24. Moreover, Defendant Edwin Alberto Torres Mino, as well as Good, confirmed that Chatburn directly solicited and promoted Raymond James products and services to them. See Mino Decl. ¶¶ 4-8; Good Decl. ¶¶ 4-32. Both had various communications with Chatburn, during which time Chatburn held himself out to be a representative of "Raymond James" in the global sense. Id. In fact, on numerous occasions in 2008 and 2009-after Chatburn was allegedly no longer a registered broker with RJFS-Chatburn continued to hold himself out to Good and the Andes Petroleum savings plan committee as being associated with "Raymond James." Good Decl. ¶¶ 12-16, 23-29. Through it all, Good continued to purchase through his RJA account. Id. at ¶¶ 17, 20, 30, 32. Moreover, Courts have found that a "selling away" relationship where the associated person of a FINRA member sells the financial products of an affiliated company to an investor is sufficient to establish a customer relationship. See Viyella, 2020 WL 977481 at *5; King, 386 F.3d at 1370; Bornstein, 390 F.3d at 1344. Consequently, the Court finds that Defendants were Chatburn's "customers" for purposes of Rule 12200.

at pages 10 - 11 of the SDFL Opinion

SIDE BAR: Putting Viyella into Perspective: "Hot Shoe Burnin' Down Wall Street In FINRA Morgan Stanley Panama Arbitration" (BrokeAndBroker.com Blog / March 3, 2020)
http://www.brokeandbroker.com/5101/finra-panama-arbitration/

Fundacion Nicor was a company controlled by Panamanian real-estate developer Nicolas Corcione Perez Balladares ("Corcione"). Unfortunately for Corcione, he found that he was under Panamian government investigation for alleged fraud. Apparently fearing that Panama would freeze his assets, Corcione was purportedly desperate to move his wealth outside of the government's grasp, and, in furtherance of that effort, he contacted Morgan Stanley financial advisor Candido Viyella (who allegedly was a financial advisor to a number of Panamanians). 


Defining Associated Person

As to RJFS' contention that Chatburn was not its Associated Person, SDFL was not impressed:

It is undisputed that Chatburn was a registered financial advisor for RJFS from March 18, 2008 through August 15, 2008. See Form U5, Expert Report of Thomas Franko at Exhibit 3. RJFS maintains that Chatburn qualifies as its "associated person" only during this particular period of time. . . .

Moreover, the relevant question at this juncture is whether a person formerly associated with a FINRA member can still be deemed an "associated person" for purposes of triggering arbitration under Rule 12200. The Court answers this question in the affirmative, and the plain language of the FINRA Code, once again, favors Defendants' interpretation. Notably, FINRA Rule 12100(u) specifically defines "associated member" as "a person formerly associated with a member." FINRA, RULE 12100(u) (emphasis added); see also Metlife Sec., Inc. v. Pizzano, No. 09-CV-4459 (DMC-MF), 2010 WL 2545170, at *4 (D.N.J. June 18, 2010) ("Undeniably, Lucchetto, a former "registered agent of Plaintiff, terminated two months prior to the alleged misconduct, is a person formerly associated with a member and, therefore, for purposes of the Code, Lucchetto qualifies as a person associated with a member."). . . 

at pages 13 - 14 of the SDFL Opinion

SDFL Denies RJFS' Motion

In denying RJFS's Motion, the Court noted that:

[R]JFS, who seeks injunctive relief, has not set forth sufficient evidence to meet its burden and cannot establish a substantial likelihood of success on the merits of its claim in order to avoid FINRA arbitration of this dispute. Consequently, the Court need not reach the other necessary elements for a preliminary injunction.  . . .

At page 14 of the SDFL Opinion

2021: 11Cir Opinion

RJFS appealed SDFL's dissolution of the TRO and the denial of the Motion for Preliminary Injunction. In response to RJFS's appeal, the Appellees filed a Motion to Dismiss for lack of Appellate Jurisdiction. Raymond James Financial Services, Inc., Plaintiff/Appellant, v. Ada Serena Cordova Armijos, America Alicia Troya de Kennedy, Ana Catalina Aylwin Equiguren, Ana C. Yans Constante, Ana Del Carmen Narvaez Chacon, et al., Defendants/Appellees (Opinion, United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, 20-11719 / May 4, 2021) (the "11Cir Opinion") http://brokeandbroker.com/PDF/Armijos11CirOp210504.pdf 

FAA Section 16 Proves Unappealing

On the one hand, the Federal Arbitration Act ("FAA") says that you can appeal from an interlocutory order; however, on the other hand, the FAA bars appeals from interlocutory orders. Whether a court will flash a green or a red light depends upon whether you're supposed to yield the right of way to an arbitration proceeding. That's seems like double-talk? You're lost?? Hey, it's not you, it's the law. As the 11Cir explains with its own traffic cop approach to the FAA's rules of the road:

[S]ection 16(a)(2) provides that an "appeal may be taken from-an interlocutory order granting, continuing, or modifying an injunction against an arbitration that is subject to this title." Section 16(b)(4), on the other hand, is a prohibition: "[A]n appeal may not be taken from an interlocutory order-refusing to enjoin an arbitration that is subject to this title." This Circuit has previously characterized those provisions of § 16 in broad strokes, noting that § 16(a)(1)-(2) "allows appeals from orders that somehow prevent arbitration from going forward," and that § 16(b) "bars appeals from interlocutory orders that in one way or another allow the arbitration to proceed." Randolph v. Green Tree Fin. Corp.- Ala., 178 F.3d 1149, 1153 (11th Cir. 1999) (internal quotation marks omitted), overruled in part by Green Tree Fin. Corp.-Ala. v. Randolph, 531 U.S. 79 (2000). 

Neither party seems to dispute that the part of the district court's order denying the preliminary injunction is not appealable at this stage. It is well that they do not, because that sort of interlocutory order falls squarely in § 16(b)(4)'s jurisdictional prohibition as an order "refusing to enjoin an arbitration." As this Circuit has said in similar circumstances in ConArt, "the plain terms of § 16(b) fit this situation snugly; there is no wiggle room." 504 F.3d at 1210. 

RJFS instead argues that the part of the district court's order that dissolved the TRO is appealable. Because "[i]t is well established that as a general rule a temporary restraining order is not appealable," RJFS's first hurdle is to show that the TRO was really an injunction in disguise. Fernandez-Roque v. Smith, 671 F.2d 426, 429 (11th Cir. 1982). It's possible that RJFS can do so-"the label attached to an order by the trial court is not decisive," and the lengthy duration of the TRO cuts in favor of finding it to be an injunction. Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). 

But even if the TRO here was really an injunction, we have no jurisdiction. That framing of the TRO would mean that the district court's order eliminated an injunction of an arbitration. RJFS would have us find that the district court order was therefore "modifying" an injunction under 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(2). But that would fly in the face of our previous characterization of § 16(a)(1) and (2) as allowing "appeals from orders that somehow prevent arbitration from going forward." Randolph, 178 F.3d at 1153 (emphasis added). And RJFS gives us no case law to demonstrate why a wholesale dissolution of an injunction should be considered a modification, versus its more natural fit as an order "refusing to enjoin an arbitration" under 9 U.S.C. § 16(b)(4). What is more, interpreting a dissolution of an injunction to fall under § 16(b)(4) would be in line with language our Circuit has used previously when discussing this topic. See ConArt, 504 F.3d at 1211 ("Because an order dissolving another court's injunction does not fall within § 16(b), [finding that we have appellate jurisdiction over that order] cannot be precedent for the proposition that we have interlocutory appellate jurisdiction over an order that does [fall within § 16(b)]." (emphasis added)). 

That means we cannot consider whether the district court was right to dissolve the TRO, or whether RJFS should have been given a preliminary injunction. Without jurisdiction, those questions are simply not ours to decide.

at Pages 5 - 6 of the 11Cir Opinion

Accordingly, the 11Cir granted Appellees' Motion to Dismiss.