November 22, 2016
If you had encountered Lisa A. Lewis sometime from 2006
through 2013, she may have told you that she lived in Wisconsin and was an
Account Representative with both Fidelity Investments and a Fidelity
Brokerage Services. The Wisconsin thing she seems to have gotten right; as to the rest . . . well, that's the grist
for today's BrokeAndBroker.com Blog. By way of a teaser, we
got 13 elderly investors who were defrauded out of at least $1 million; and
Lewis sentenced to 15 years in federal prison.
Case In
Point
According to the allegations in
United States
of America, Plaintiff, v. Lisa A. Lewis,
Defendant
(Indictment, United States District Court for the
Eastern District of Wisconsin, 13-CR-219, November 5, 2013), Lewis had been
registered with Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ("FINRA")
member firms from 1990 through 2006, but she had not been a registered
representative since. Also, Lewis was not affiliated with the cited Fidelity
companies.
The
Scheme
The Indictment presents
this summation of Lewis's criminal conduct from September
2006 through July 2013:
In
pertinent part, EDWI offered this rationale for denying Lewis'
Motion: [AUSA] Roach was likewise trying
to convince the court that a substantial prison term of ten years was a fair
and just sentence in this case. Given the lack of a prior record and the
tendency of courts to view white collar crime, even where the amount of loss is
great, as less deserving of significant sentences than crimes of violence or
drug crimes, his argument cannot be reasonably viewed as an attempt to
undermine the promised recommendation of ten years. Lewis' real argument is not
with Roach's argument, but with the court's
sentence.
I conclude that Lewis' effort to
blame AUSA Roach for the sentence that the court found she deserved must fail.
And with the failure of her claim that AUSA Roach breached the plea agreement,
her requests that a new judge be assigned, the PSR and government's sentencing
memorandum be struck and the transcript of her sentencing hearing sealed must
be denied. Her motion seeking such relief (ECF No. 57) is therefore
DENIED. The Clerk is directed to set this matter on
the court's calendar for resentencing pursuant to the mandate of the United
States Court of Appeals for the Seventh
Circuit.
On appeal, Lewis makes four arguments: (1) the
district court erred when it concluded that Lewis waived her right to assert
that the government had breached the plea agreement by failing to raise this
argument at the original sentencing or on the original appeal; (2) the district
court erred when it concluded that the government did not breach the plea
agreement; (3) the district court erred when it applied the two‐level
vulnerable‐victim
enhancement; and (4) the district court's sentence of fifteen years'
imprisonment was substantively unreasonable. We first address her arguments
regarding the plea agreement. We then turn to her arguments regarding the
district court's sentence.
Page 7- 8 of 7Cir 2016
Opinion
To Err Is Human, To
Forgive Is Jurisprudence?
In affirming EDWI, 7Cir offers
this initial explanation:
We hold that the district court did not err by refusing
to hear Lewis's argument, but it did err by not affirmatively acknowledging that
it had the authority to do so. But because the district court alternatively
rejected that argument, and because we believe that the argument is meritless,
we hold that the district court's error is harmless. Finally, we hold that the
district court did not err at sentencing because the vulnerable‐
victim enhancement was properly applied and the district court's sentence was
substantively reasonable.
Page 2 of 7Cir 2016
Opinion
No, it's not you; it is
the manner in which courts and lawyers tend to explain things.
Let's parse through 7Cir's
explanation in slower
motion:
- The appellate court found that
the trial court did not err when it refused to hear Lewis's argument.
- The appellate court found that the trial court die
err, however, when it failed to affirmatively acknowledge that it had the
authority to refuse to hear Lewis's argument.
SIDE BAR:
Slowly . . . ever so slowly knit those two findings together . . . 7Cir said
that although EDWI did not err in refusing to hear the defendant's argument,
the lower court did err when it did not acknowledge that it had, in fact, the
authority to refuse to hear the defendant's argument. You got that? Really??
Assuming that you grasp the
interplay of points 1 and 2 above (which, frankly, is one hell of an
assumption), then let's move further through 7Cir's
explanation:- In the alternative, EDWI
rejected Lewis's argument
- Because 7Cir found Lewis's
argument to be meritlees, the appellate court deemed as "harmless,"
EDWI's error in not affirmatively acknowledging that it had the authority to
refuse to hear Lewis's
argument.
SIDE BAR: Getting out our
judicial knitting needles yet again, we find that EDWI not only refused to hear
Lewis's argument but apparently rejected that very argument it had refused to
hear. Yeah, okay . . . sure . . . that make sense. Wading
into that mess, 7Cir then explains that the argument that EDWI refused to hear
but also rejected was meritless and, consequently, it's something like a
dead-ball foul and let's pretend that nothing happened and unhear the blown
whistles and unsee the dropped flags.
Vulnerable-Victim
Enhancement
An interesting issue considered
in the 7Cir 2016 Opinion pertained to the proper application
of the Vulnerable-Victim Enhancement, which provides a basis
upon which a sentencing federal judge may opt to impose a sentence higher than
recommended in the applicable guideline range. As noted in the 7Cir
2016 Opinion, the ages of Lewis's victims "ranged from 75 to
92;" which prompted this more detailed
discussion:
[T[hus, Lewis is correct that age alone can be
insufficient to justify the application of the vulnerable‐victim
enhancement. But because the district court did not base the application of the
enhancement solely on the victims' ages, Lewis's argument ultimately fails.
Although the district court did
base the application of the vulnerable‐victim enhancement at least in part on the victims'
ages, the court also looked to several other vulnerabilities that Lewis
exploited during the course of her scheme. As the district court noted and the
victim impact statements reflect, Lewis had established long‐term
working relationships with at least some of her victims before commencing her
fraudulent scheme. As one victim's family member stated, Lewis "[p]os[ed] as a
friend and advisor" and methodically did "things to develop trust over many
years." (R. 21 at 47.) Lewis "waited until [her victim]'s advanced age, illness
and memory losses after chemotherapy, along with [her victim's husband]'s
progressive forgetfulness and weakness gave her the opportunity to steal their
life savings-trying to get every penny of it." (R. 21 at 47.)
Other victims and their family
members emphasized Lewis's knowledge that her victims lacked basic computer
skills. Finally, as the district court noted at resentencing, at least one of
Lewis's victims "was in the hospital with colon cancer when much of the money
was taken away." (R. 77 at 21.) Lewis, who became acutely familiar with her
victims by posing as a friend and advisor for years before and during her
scheme, intentionally chose these people, not merely because of their ages but
also because of their various other vulnerabilities she could readily exploit.
Pages 15 -16 of the 2016 7Cir
Opinion
Strong
Advocacy
As to the issue of whether DOJ
was obligated under the plea agreement to not seek more than a 10-year prison
sentence, 7Cir offers this
commentary:
As previously mentioned, the plea
agreement required the government to argue for no more than ten years'
imprisonment. That is precisely what the government did throughout the
sentencing process. The government repeated its ten‐year
recommendation at the plea hearing, in its sentencing memorandum, and
throughout the sentencing hearing. Strong advocacy in favor of the maximum
sentence contemplated by a plea agreement does not constitute a breach,
especially when the government reiterates its recommendation and the terms of
the plea agreement throughout the sentencing process . . .
Page 13 of
the 2016 7Cir Opinion
In affirming EDWI,
7Cir offered this observation concerning the appropriateness of the enhanced
15-year prison sentence:
[T]he district court concluded that Lewis's crime
was "one of the most serious white collar crimes" it had ever seen. As such,
the court rejected the "abstract mathematical calculation" of the guidelines
because the guidelines didn't reflect the magnitude of Lewis's offense. (R. 77
at 45.)
Moreover, the district court
considered the impact Lewis's crime had on her victims and the need to provide
restitution to them. The court further considered "the need for just
punishment" and determined that "deterrence played a huge role here because
white collar crimes, unlike so many, . . .are not impulsive." (R. 77 at 47-48.) To
send a message that this type of crime would not be tolerated, the district
court chose to impose an above‐guidelines sentence. Finally, in deciding on an
appropriate sentence, the district court considered the need to protect the
public.
Page 18 of the 2016 7Cir
Opinion
FINRA 2015 Fidelity AWC
An interesting aspect of this
case was the action taken in December 2015 by FINRA, which pursuant to the
terms of an Acceptance, Waiver and Consent settlement ("AWC"), fined
its member firm Fidelity Brokerage Services LLC $500,000 and ordered it to pay
about $530,000 restitution to nine of its customers. "FINRA
Sanctions Fidelity Brokerage Services LLC $1 Million for Supervisory
Failures" (FINRA News Release, December 18,
2015). As set forth in pertinent part in the FINRA News
Release:
FINRA found that from August 2006 until her fraud was
discovered in May 2013, Lewis was running a conversion scheme by targeting
former customers from another brokerage firm from which she had been fired.
Lewis told the victims she was a Fidelity broker and urged them to establish
accounts at the firm and also established joint accounts with her victims in
which she was listed as an owner. She eventually established more than 50 accounts
and converted assets from a number of these accounts for her own personal
benefit. In June 2014, Lewis pleaded guilty to wire fraud, and was sentenced to
15 years in prison and was ordered to pay more than $2 million in restitution
to her victims.
FINRA found that Fidelity failed
to detect or adequately follow up on multiple "red flags" related to
Lewis's scheme. For example, though Lewis' victims were unrelated to one
another, their various accounts shared a number of common identifiers tying
them all to Lewis, such as a common email address, physical address or phone
number. Fidelity also failed to detect Lewis' consistent pattern of money
movements and overlooked red flags in telephone calls handled by its
customer-service call center in which there were indications that Lewis was
impersonating or taking advantage of her senior investor
victims.
Brad Bennett, FINRA's Executive
Vice President and Chief of Enforcement, said, "Protection of senior
investors is a core mission for FINRA and why we started the FINRA Securities
Helpline for Seniors. This case is a reminder to firms to ensure their
supervisory systems and procedures are designed to protect senior investors
from harm and to adequately follow-up on red flags to detect potential
fraudulent account activity."
FINRA also found that Fidelity's
inadequate supervisory systems and procedures contributed to the failure to
detect and prevent Lewis's fraudulent activities. Though Fidelity maintained a
report designed to identify common email addresses shared across multiple
accounts, it failed to implement procedures regarding the report's use and
dedicate adequate resources to the review and investigation of the reports. As
a result, there was a backlog in reviewing thousands of reports, including a
report in March 2012 showing that Lewis' email address was associated with
dozens of otherwise unrelated accounts. The report was not reviewed by anyone
at Fidelity until April 2013, more than a year after it was generated.
AWC Corrective Action
Statement
Attached to the 2015
Fidelity AWC is a "Corrective Action Statement," submitted
by Respondent Fidelity which, in accordance with FINRA's rules, does not
constitute factual or legal findings by FINRA and does not reflect the views of
the self-regulatory organization or its Staff. As published in the AWC, the
"Corrective Action Statement"
asserts:
Since
the unlawful acts of Lisa Lewis have come to light, Fidelity has taken a number
of corrective actions to enhance its supervision, monitoring and
surveillance.
As a complement to its existing
extensive surveillance, Fidelity has implemented two new systems. The first is
multi-wire destination surveillance. This surveillance, which was already in
development during the time of Lewis' misconduct, is aimed at identifying and
preventing precisely the type of scheme perpetrated by
Lewis.
Second, Fidelity has implemented
elder financial exploitation surveillance. This system monitors for a variety
of different types of money movement in accounts owned by elder customers, and
is aimed at identifying and preventing the kind of activity in which Lewis
engaged.
In addition, since Lewis'
unlawful acts, Fidelity has enhanced its existing associate and employee
training and awareness relating to senior investors generally, and elder
financial exploitation specifically. Fidelity implements various techniques,
training and programs to help its representatives identify and appropriately
respond to instances of potential elder financial exploitation.
Bill Singer's Comment
Compliments to both DOJ and FINRA for getting on top of this case and doing so in an impressive manner. Although both the regulatory and criminal prosecution ends of this matter were too late to prevent the financial devastation of the elderly victims, justice was done in terms of Lewis's incarceration, and we should similarly applaud FINRA's effort to prompt Fidelity and other firms to implement more meaningful (and hopefully more preemptive) compliance protocols.