UBS Complex Director Wins Margin Call Battle

January 19, 2018

The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ("FINRA") recently posted "Margin Debt at Record Levels: Know the Risks" http://www.finra.org/investors/highlights/margin-debt-record-levels-know-risks, which warns that:

Like the stock market, margin debt has risen sharply in recent months. According to FINRA's latest margin statistics, borrowing by investors in November 2017 stood at an all-time high of $627.4 billion. This is almost a $100 billion increase over margin borrowing at the end of 2016-and more than double the level of borrowing at the end of 2010.

FINRA often gets phone calls from investors after they receive a margin call, which is essentially a demand by your firm for the repayment of your margin debt. Now, in the midst of a bull market, is a good time to get ahead of things. In the event you get a margin call from your brokerage firm-are you prepared?


It's always a sobering statistic that is characterized as "an all-time high," and all the more so when we're talking about over $627 billion in margin debt. As the above FINRA article correctly warns:

Some investors mistakenly believe that a firm must contact them first for a margin call to be valid. This is not the case.

As FINRA admonishes, many investors do, indeed, mistakenly believe that they are entitled to something on the order of a courtesy call before their brokerage firm undertakes to liquidate their position or account to satisfy a margin call. As a recent FINRA expungement arbitration demonstrates, mistaken beliefs about margin calls still abound.

Case In Point

In a Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ("FINRA") Arbitration Statement of Claim filed in July 2017, Claimant Cain sought the expungement of a customer complaint from his Central Registration Depository records ("CRD"). Respondent UBS consented to the request and did not participate in the hearing. In the Matter of the FINRA Arbitration Between, Brian Thomas Cain, Claimant, vs. UBS Financial Services, Inc., Respondent (FINRA Arbitration 17-01952 / January 16, 2018).

Prior to the sole FINRA Arbitrator conducting a hearing, Claimant Cain notified the surviving customer of the expungement application and of her right to participate. The surviving customer opposed the expungement request but did not participate in the hearing. Additionally, Claimant provided to the Arbitrator a copy of the other customer's obituary notice reflecting his death on December 29, 2014.

In recommending expungement, the sole FINRA Arbitrator considered, in part, the settlement agreement from the original customer complaint, which did not name Claimant as a party. To the Arbitrator's credit, notwithstanding the absence of naming Claimant as a party in the customer complaint, the trier-of-fact noted the existence of "innuendo." As set forth in the FINRA Arbitration Decision:

The customers alleged that Mr. Cain ordered the liquidation of securities in their UBS account although there were no outstanding margin calls and [the customers] were not in default on any loan or obligations.

Claimant submitted (UBS Bates Stamp 002112- Daily Margin House Call Report MGED651P dated October 12, 2012) which is made part of Arbitrator's Exhibit 2. In accordance with this Margin Report on October 12, 2012, and Mr. Cain's sworn testimony, the customer accounts with UBS over which Mr. Cain as Complex Director had ultimate oversight, were no less than $199,742.00 in deficit (negative equity), let alone below the 35% margin maintenance requirement for the uncovered option writing that was the basis for these collateral, options and loan accounts.

Mr. Cain as Complex Director for UBS had both marketing and compliance responsibilities. He and his subordinates wearing their marketing hats contacted the customers in advance of liquidating their accounts with UBS to try to have them meet their contractual obligations with UBS, both as to negative equity and to margin requirements. They were not required to contact the customer under the terms of the UBS Client Relationship Agreement and Loan Disclosure. Any modification of the Client Relationship Agreement had to be in writing, which Mr. Cain and his subordinates did not amend by having conversations with the customers. The options available to UBS under the Client Relationship Agreement are summarized in the Statement of Claim at pages 7 and 8. UBS also had security interest in all of the customers' assets held or carried by any UBS entity. The customers were both experienced lawyers and one of them claimed to be experienced in options and selected the investments. Their profiles, including for a family trust for which one of them was a trustee and beneficiary, sought aggressive and speculative trading. Purportedly, only 20% of their assets were with UBS, but they did not transfer any of their own assets to remedy their negative equity position.

Mr. Cain testified that if he did not liquidate the customers; accounts to enforce rights UBS had, UBS' Margin Department would have done so to comply with regulatory rules. Given the volatility of these investments UBS believed it necessary to liquidate the customers' open positions to determine the actual amount of the deficit at the time and then to liquidate their assets held with UBS to meet regulatory and UBS requirements.

In this Arbitrator's view, Mr. Cain acted appropriately. Despite the marketing downside to his decision, he took the appropriate compliance action

Bill Singer's Comment

Compliments to the sole FINRA Arbitrator for a superb rationale for recommending expungement! A very thorough presentation of content and context. Nice job!

Online FINRA BrokerCheck records as of January 19, 2018, disclose the Cain was first registered in 1997. Online FINRA BrokerCheck records disclose under the heading "Customer Dispute-Settled" that UBS received a customer complaint on April 25, 2013, seeking $875,000 in damages based upon "Allegations," that:

CLAIMANTS ALLEGE IT WAS REPRESENTED TO THEM THEIR OPTIONS POSITIONS WOULD NOT BE LIQUIDATED IF FUNDS TO COVER A MARGIN DEBIT WERE TRANSFERRED BY AN AGREED DEADLINE. TIME FRAME; OCTOBER 2012- JANUARY 2013.

UBS settled the matter on September 9, 2014, for $45,000 to which Cain did not contribute. BrokerCheck reflects a "BrokerStatement," purportedly from Cain:

I DENY ALL CLAIMANTS' ALLEGATIONS AND BELIEVE THEY ARE TOTALLY WITHOUT MERIT. THE CUSTOMERS' ACCOUNT WAS SUBJECT TO A MARGIN CALL AND WAS IN DEFICIT. PURSUANT TO APPLICABLE RULES. INVESTMENTS WERE REQUIRED TO BE LIQUIDATED TO SATISFY THE MARGIN CALL. THE CUSTOMERS WERE GIVEN SUFFICIENT NOTICE REGARDING THE POSSIBILITY OF MARGIN CALLS IN THEIR ACCOUNT AND HOW TO AVOID SUCH CALLS BY MAKING SURE SUFFICIENT FUNDS ARE IN THE MARGIN ACCOUNT. PURSUANT TO APPLICABLE RULES, MARGIN CALLS MUST BE SATISFIED OR THE FIRM COULD BE IN VIOLATION OF THOSE MARGIN RULES. I DID NOT PROMISE OR GUARANTEE THAT POSITIONS IN THE CUSTOMERS' ACCOUNT WOULD NOT BE LIQUIDATED IF FUNDS WERE TRANSFERRED IN BY A PARTICULAR DEADLINE. FURTHER, WHILE THE CUSTOMERS INDICATED THAT THEY WOULD TRANSFER FUNDS IN TO REMEDY THE MARGIN CALL, THEY DID NOT DO SO. FINALLY, UNDER THE CUSTOMERS' MARGIN ACCOUNT AGREEMENT, THEY WERE SPECIFICALLY NOTIFIED THAT THE FIRM IS NOT REQUIRED TO GIVE ANY PRIOR NOTICE IF POSITIONS ARE LIQUIDATED AS THE RESULT OF A MARGIN CALL OR DEFICIT. IN INTEND TO DEFEND THESE CLAIMS VIGOROUSLY AND PURSUANT TO FINRA RULES, SEEK EXPUNGEMENT OF THESE FALSE ALLEGATIONS FROM MY PUBLIC RECORD.


Margin liquidations are a common source of customer complaints because many customer's misunderstand the legal and regulatory requirements pertaining to margin and margin calls.  Let me briefly try to clarify some misconceptions.

Generally, when the equity in a margin account is deficient according to the maintenance levels in effect, your brokerage firm can sell securities in your account without your prior consent, agreement or authorization. Frankly, if you re-read your Margin Agreement, you will likely see buried among the thousands of words that you agreed to that circumstance as a condition precedent to opening that account. If the equity in your account falls below the legally proscribed margin maintenance requirements or the brokerage firm's "house" maintenance requirements, the firm can, without prior notice to you, sell the securities in your account to cover the margin deficiency. While many brokerage firms will send courtesy notices to clients prior to undertaking such margin liquidations, those notices are not legally required. If, however, you have negotiated a specific margin agreement that imposes different terms, that would be a different situation -- good luck trying to extract such concessions from most brokerage firms.

Similarly, many customers believe that they are entitled to an extension of time on a margin call if they simply ask for one. While an extension of time to meet initial margin requirements may be available to customers under certain conditions, a customer is not legally entitled to an extension nor is a brokerage firm obligated to grant one.  What if the forced sale doesn't raise enough cash?  You may be responsible for any resulting deficiency.

As the Securities and Exchange Commission warns in its online Investor Bulletin "Understanding Margin Accounts" (SEC Pub. No. 156 (8/13) ) :

Understand Margin Calls
You Can Lose Your Money Fast and With No Notice.

If your account falls below the firm's maintenance requirement, your firm generally will make a margin call to ask you to deposit more cash or securities into your account. If you are unable to meet the margin call, your firm will sell your securities to increase the equity in your account up to or above the firm's maintenance requirement.

However, your broker may not be required to make a margin call or otherwise tell you that your account has fallen below the firm's maintenance requirement. Your broker may be able to sell your securities at any time without consulting you first. under most margin agreements, even if your firm offers to give you time to increase the equity in your account, it can sell your securities without waiting for you to meet the margin call.

Similarly, consider FINRA's online Investor Alert: "Updated: Investing with Borrowed Funds: No "Margin" for Error," which notes, in part:

Margin Trading Risks
There are a number of risks that you need to consider in deciding to trade securities on margin. These include:
  • Your firm can force the sale of securities in your accounts to meet a margin call. If the equity in your account falls below the maintenance margin requirements under the law-or the firm's higher "house" requirements-your firm can sell the securities in your accounts to cover the margin deficiency. You will also be responsible for any short fall in the accounts after such a sale.
  • Your firm can sell your securities without contacting you. Some investors mistakenly believe that a firm must contact them first for a margin call to be valid. This is not the case. Most firms will attempt to notify their customers of margin calls, but they are not required to do so. Even if you're contacted and provided with a specific date to meet a margin call, your firm may decide to sell some or all of your securities before that date without any further notice to you. For example, your firm may take this action because the market value of your securities has continued to decline in value.
  • You are not entitled to choose which securities or other assets in your accounts are sold. There is no provision in the margin rules that gives you the right to control liquidation decisions. Your firm may decide to sell any of the securities that are collateral for your margin loan to protect its interests.
  • Your firm can increase its "house" maintenance requirements at any time and is not required to provide you with advance notice. These changes in firm policy often take effect immediately and may cause a house call. If you don't satisfy this call, your firm may liquidate or sell securities in your accounts.
  • You are not entitled to an extension of time on a margin call. While an extension of time to meet a margin call may be available to you under certain conditions, you do not have a right to the extension.
  • You can lose more money than you deposit in a margin account. A decline in the value of the securities you purchased on margin may require you to provide additional money to your firm to avoid the forced sale of those securities or other securities in your accounts.
  • Open short-sale positions could cost you. You may have to continue to pay interest on open short positions even if a stock is halted, delisted or no longer trades.